a)
log4=log22=2log2≈2⋅0,3=0,6
log2=log221=21log2≈21⋅0,3=0,15
log(21)=log2−1=−log2≈−1⋅0,3=−0,3
log32=log25=5log2≈5⋅0,3=1,5
log(2101)=log(21)10=log2−10=−10log2≈−10⋅0,3=−3
b)
log125=log53=3log5≈3⋅0,7=2,1
log55=log551=51log5≈51⋅0,7=0,14
log(251)=log(521)=log(51)2=log5−2=−2log5≈−2⋅0,7=−1,4
log655=log565=65log5≈65⋅0,7=65⋅107=127
log(1255)=log(53521)=log521−3=log5−25=−25log5≈
≈−25⋅0,7=−1,75
c)
log20=log(22⋅5)=log22+log5≈2log2+0,7≈2⋅0,3+0,7=0,6+07=1,3
log50=log(2⋅52)=log2+log52≈0,3+2log5≈0,3+2⋅0,7=0,3+1,4=1,7
log0,4=log(52)=log2−log5≈0,3−0,7=−0,4
log(5002)=log2−log500=log221−log(125⋅4)=21log2−(log125+log4)=
=21log2−log53−log22=21log2−3log5−2log2≈21⋅0,3−3⋅0,7−2⋅0,3=
=0,15−2,1−0,6=−2,55
log(0,02)=log(1002)=log(1002)=log2−log100=log221−log102=
=21log2−log10≈21⋅0,3−1=0,15−1=−0,85
d)
log(52)=log2−log5≈0,3−0,7=−0,4
log(54)=log4−log5≈log22−0,7=2log2−0,7≈2⋅0,3−0,7=0,6−0,7=−0,1
log2,5=log(25)=log5−log2≈0,7−0,3=0,4
log(6425)=log25−log64=log52−log26=2log5−6log2≈2⋅0,7−6⋅0,3=
=1,4−1,8=−0,4
log6,25=log(641)=log(425)=log25−log4=log52−log22=2log5−2log2≈
≈2⋅0,7−2⋅0,3=1,4−0,6=0,8
e)
log(85)=log5−log8=log5−log23=log5−3log2≈0,7−3⋅0,3=
=0,7−0,9=−0,2
log(52)=log(5⋅221)=log5+log221=log5+21log2≈0,7+21⋅0,3=
=0,7+0,15=0,85
log(525)=log(25)−log2=log(2⋅521)−log5=log2+log521−log5=
=log2+21log5−log5=0,3+21⋅0,7−0,7=0,3+0,35−0,7=0,05
log(52)=log(5⋅221)=log5+log221=log5+21log2≈0,7+21⋅0,3=
=0,7+0,15=0,85
log(2582)=log(82)−log25=log(23⋅221)−log52=log(23+21)−2log5=
=log(227)−2log5=27log2−2log5≈27⋅0,3−3⋅0,7=27⋅103−2,1=
=2021−2,1=100105−2,1=1,05−2,1=−1,05
log(402)=log40+log(2)=log(4⋅10)+log221=log4+log10+21log2=
=log22+1+21log2=2log2+1+21log2≈2⋅0,3+1+21⋅0,3=
=0,6+1+0,15=1,75